Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to smelting refining processes. Thermodynamics phases equilibria are key analysis pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions their limiting conditions. raw material basis non-ferrous metals needs an effective control iron oxide fluxing due challenging fact that targeted values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, tin will exist as minority components in smelter feeds compared sulphides, gangue, many harmful elements. This means more slag compositions amount produced being several times production. feature severely impacts heat balance vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes difficult maintain.